The Laughing Man by J.D. Salinger - 878 Words

J.D. Salinger (Jerome Davis Salinger) was said by some people to be one of the best American Authors of past century. Salinger’s works reflects the many experiences he had as a child. One of the more common focuses tends to be his fascination with protecting the innocence in children. Salinger was born in New York City an attended public school until he switched to the exclusive McBurney School. In attending this school, Salinger was called an â€Å"academically unexceptional student†. After this he was sent to the Valley Forge Military Academy. During his time there he added to the literary magazine and yearbook. After this he went on to NYU for a short amount of time. Teddy, a short story that details a young boys life, is an example of Salinger’s struggle with the corruption of a child’s mind by the pursuit of knowledge. In this story Teddy McArdle is an extremely smart boy. Similarly to the other stories in Nine Stories, this one also is about the loss of childhood innocence and trying to get it back, even though it may be too late. Just like the others, this one also features an adult and child relationship/interaction. Like Salinger, Teddy is interested in eastern philosophy and believes that he has lived thousands of lives through incarnation. He also believes that at one point in time he was very close to enlightenment. He said that the reason he didnt reach enlightenment was because he fell in love with a girl. In his next life he said he didnt want that to happenShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Salinger s The Doctrine Of Love 1994 Words   |  8 PagesShort Story Analysis Paper The majority of his works, J.D. Salinger has implemented many replicated themes. Love is possibly the most prevalent throughout all of his writings and is displayed in such works as â€Å"A Perfect Day for Bananafish,† â€Å"The Laughing Man,† â€Å"For Esme—With Love and Squalor,† â€Å"Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes,† â€Å"Teddy,† and â€Å"Uncle Wiggly in Connecticut.† Salinger uses the element of Love to bring about more meaning in the stories and depth to the each of their plots, and does soRead MoreTheme Of The Laughing Man1335 Words   |  6 Pages In J.D. Salinger’s â€Å"The Laughing Man,† the Comanches are innocent children still being protected by their parents and the Chief from the horrors of the real world. The Comanches spend any free time they would have with the Chief so naturally he becomes their hero, by playing this role in their lives he takes on the responsibility to protect their innocence and no t let them taste the adult world too soon. However, his priorities shift when Mary Hudson begins to come and be with the Chief while heRead MoreThe Failure Of The Middle Of His Stories1995 Words   |  8 PagesEmily Garcia Tornquist ENG 020 Professor Carolan September 22, 2014 The Failure to Cope J.D. Salinger drops the reader into the middle of his stories. Without any sense of characters, setting, or plot, the reader is thrown into the lives of others as they scramble to unearth the truth behind the scenes. Salinger provides complex stories of relatable characters; some are stories of happiness and others are of loss and dysfunction. Often times, the characters have difficulties dealing with theRead MoreThe Story of J.D. Salinger2489 Words   |  10 PagesThe Story of J. D. Salinger J. D. Salinger became one of the most popular and known American authors in America today. Up to this day students from all over the country have read and purchased the novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† which was a novel that was not so long ago controversial due to vulgar language, sexual references, and unacceptable behavior; parents were concerned that J. D. Salinger’s novel was going to influence their children. Salinger was one of many authors that stood out moreRead MoreEssay On The Catcher In The Rye Writing Style2012 Words   |  9 PagesThe â€Å"Catcher and the Rye† has been called one of the greatest works of American literature. J.D. Salinger certainly wrote a masterpiece that has brought much controversy and criticism. If the reader does not see and understand the intense symbolism and explicit writing, the reader will misunderstand Salinger’s work. Holden is lonely and afraid. After a lot of trouble and terrible experiences he is alone and realizes the world really does not care about him. The â€Å"Catcher and the Rye† is a powerfulRead MoreAnalysis Of Salinger s The Catcher Rye 3756 Words   |  16 PagesSummer Reading-TASIS 2014 Rising 9th Grade Mainstream English The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and Fahrenheit 541 by Ray Bradbury Please write a typed or handwritten response (200 words each in the language relevant to your course) to each of the following prompts on each of the works assigned for the course(s) you will be taking in 2014-2015: The Catcher in the Rye Initial Understanding: What are your thoughts and questions about the story? You might reflect upon characters, their

The, Gift Of God s Grace - 1284 Words

Chapter 17 Assignment #3 (Ryan Cho) 17.3 Joseph II of Austria, Toleration Patent 1781, pogroms, Pietism, John Wesley, Methodism, â€Å"gift of God’s grace† 1) Joseph II of Austria. Joseph II of Austria was emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1765 to 1790, and served as ruler of Habsburg from 1780 to 1790. Joseph strongly emphasized an enlightened version of absolutism, which gained him much needed support at the time. During his tenure, Joseph sough truly radical changes in government through Enlightenment ideas. His commitment to modernizing reforms, although, endangered him and allowed significant opposition to gain power against him. For that reason, he never fully implemented his plans of absolutism, as he died without an heir to the throne. 2) Toleration Patent 1781. The Toleration Patent of 1781, also known as the Edict of Toleration, was an edict that was issued in 1781 by Joseph II of Austria. The edict allowed members of minority faiths (not of Christianity, for example, Protestant religions) to perform religious practices without being persecuted. This was very important for minority faiths it finally allowed them religious freedom and separation from the Church, which led to the growth of Protestant populations 3) Pogroms. A pogrom is a somewhat organized, and violent riot or massacre aimed against a specific group or ethnicity. One, for example, was aimed specifically at the Jews. The word pogroms spread and was entered the dictionary because of the countlessShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Experience And Understanding Of God1722 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of God has resulted from what God has revealed to me. F. Belton Joyner, Jr. says, What we know about God is what God has revealed to us. Over the course of my life God has been revealed to me through God s love and grace. When I was twelve years old, I accepted Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior of my life. In the years prior, God was continually drawing me closer to God, even before I was aware I needed God. We are made aware of our need for repentance through God s grace that stirs upRead MoreKolbergs Stages of Moral Development1588 Words   |  7 PagesTHE SOVEREIGNY OF GOD AND HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY Augustine s understanding of the relationship between the sovereignty of God and human responsibility is more biblical than Cassian s view. Augustine s school of theology totally relies on God as the grace giver, however Cassian s school relies on man s merit before receiving grace. This debate has been going on since the early church and still affects the church today. Many people have different opinions and interpretations of how the BibleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Salvation By F. Scott Fitzgerald1057 Words   |  5 Pagesthat something as significant as God’s grace comes so freely. Is has no dollar amount, no price tag on it. Paul says that salvation is given by grace, not as a result of our own works. We can t earn salvation. That seems easy to understand theologically, but we don t usually act like this is true. Grace and salvation are free! And they are tremendous gifts at any price. In an old Dennis the Menace cartoon, Dennis and his friend Joey are leaving Mrs. Wilson s house, their hands full of cookies.Read MoreSaved By Grace Through Faith : So Do Works Matter?1571 Words   |  7 PagesSaved By Grace Through Faith: So Do Works Matter? By Ivan Seito Amago | Submitted On January 30, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Ivan Seito Amago 1. How Did It All Begin? In the ChristianRead MoreTradition And Rules Of The Gospel Of Christ Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesrevelation of salvation available through the grace of Jesus Christ both to the Jew and Gentile. Through tradition each generation accumulates wisdom, love and values from their ancestors. Salvation cannot be accumulated through tradition it must be experienced through the revelation of Jesus Christ by the Holy Spirit and accepted as a gift from God. Paul`s gospel stresses that God`s plan is for the development of a relationship with his creation and not in human`s ability to follow tradition and rulesRead MoreThe Law Of The Old Testament Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesknow how to know God and how to be right with God, so that they do go to heaven. Let s discuss this very simply. Actually, this is a very difficult question to answer under the LAW of the Old Testament. But it is a very easy question to answer under grace in the New Testament. Keep in mind we shouldn t be living under the law of the Old Testament. We are judged by our belief in the gospel, not by the law (Rom 2:16). CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS VIEWS There are two ways to live a God type of life. THERead MoreUnderstanding Of Sin And Grace On The Basis Of Salvation1394 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2, 2015 â€Æ' â€Å"Romans 3:23 - For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God† Everyone has sinned and fallen out of the grace. All mankind is comprehended to be involved, in some manner, in the disobedience of Adam. Everything began at the Garden of Eden when Adam sinned, the way that Adam was made in the image of God implied that he was free from all ordinary shortcomings and weaknesses and death. Adam s sin is regularly spoken of as a predisposition to sin inside human nature. 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Study On The Annals History Essay Free Essays

string(63) " possibly excessively many for historiographers to believe it\." The Viking colonists took up the Frankish imposts manner of life so wholly that within a few coevalss of their arrival little of their Viking heritage remained. One account for this is that the figure of colonists was few and that they were rapidly absorbed into the local population. Or possibly there was a brief violent coup d’etat, after which the Vikings adopted the imposts of their neighbors out of necessity and political force per unit area. We will write a custom essay sample on Study On The Annals History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contemporary Latin beginnings called these colonists Northmanni but this described both the Vikings and, much later, the Normans. It was a general term used to depict the Scandinavians who had become active in northern Francia in the 9th and 10th centuries. But no differentiation was made in the 10th century between the Vikings of Neustria and the Vikings in other parts of the remainder of Francia and elsewhere.A The major job with bring outing the history of the early Viking colony of Neustria is the deficiency of beginnings from the early decennaries of the 10th century, when the colony was formalised. The Vikings recorded their history subsequently and the beginnings we do hold are written by the Franks. The ulterior Norman histories are debatable because of their involvement in buttressing and legalize the baby state.A The beginnings viewed the tenth-century as a violent clip. Frankish Godheads fought for political laterality and, on the peripheries of the Frankish land, smaller groups of peoples fought for domination against each other and against the Franks. In the ninth-century, nomadic Viking forces had frequently sailed up the Seine and besieged Paris, or merely despoiled countries inside Francia. A It is difficult to state where these war-bands wintered, though it becomes clear in the annals that the additions for Viking plunderers were so great that they began to winter in Francia alternatively of returning to Scandinavia. In the early portion of the tenth-century, the Neustrian or Breton March was still regarded as portion of the Frankish land by the Franks. The Viking foraies reached their tallness during a period of instability in the Frankish lands. An component of fortune had played a portion in leting the Frankish male monarchs to govern over an undivided land for many old ages, in malice of the usage of spliting lands every bit between boies on the decease of their male parent. Peppin the Short, Carloman his boy and Charlemagne his grandson ruled over an unbroken land. But on the decease of Charlemagne ‘s boy Louis the Pious in 840, Francia was at last split. There was a period of atomization, with Francia divided into three lands: West Francia, Lotharingia, and East Francia. Charles the Simple, King of West Francia ( subsequently to go France ) from 898 to 922, regained pre-eminence in the Frankish lands after this period of battle, though other cabals existed. It was this political insta bility that Viking leaders exploited as they fought and befriended their Frankish opposite numbers. How make the histories assist? Historians who attempt to retrace the early history of Normandy face a figure of jobs. The beginnings are few and, worse still, their truth is frequently to be doubted. Palgrave warned that â€Å" if you accept the undertaking you must accept Dudo or allow the work entirely. † Today, the history of Dudo of St Quentin is viewed with so much intuition by historiographers that, even where his history runs with other modern-day authors, he is still distrusted. But without Dudo we have small grounds. The Frankish historian Flodoard of Reims[ 1 ]provides some information about Normandy in the first half of the ninth-century, there are a few mentions to early Normandy in Norse beginnings and even a late Welsh beginning. Later Norman beginnings for this period do be, but many of these are based on Dudo ‘s history, so must be treated with cautiousness. With such a deficiency of literary stuff, historiographers are left with the consequences of research from archeology and analysi s of place-name. The reading of archeological grounds is hard and the decisions that can be drawn from it can be even more obscure than literary beginnings. The historiographer ‘s undertaking in chronicling early Norman history is therefore a hard one, and the decisions reached are, by necessity, limited in nature. Dudo of St Quentin was born c. 960 in Vermandois. He wrote De moribus et actis primorum Normanni? ducum ( The Deeds of the Early Dukes of Normandy ) from approximately 996 to the clip he became Dean of St Quentin in 1015. The earlier history, including some extremely questionable and fictional inside informations, was based on Virgil ‘s Aeneid and Jordanes ‘ Getica. His chief source for the inside informations of his history was Count Rodulf of Ivry. Commissioned originally by Duke Richard I, the history ended with the decease of Richard in 996. Dudo appears to cognize a great trade about Rollo, and he is the lone beginning for the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, where Charles the Simple granted Rollo the lands around Rouen in 911. Rollo is baptised and, in return, receives the grant of land. The bishops said to Rollo, who was unwilling to snog King Charles ‘s pes: â€Å" You who receive such a gift ought to snog the male monarch ‘s pes. † And he said: â€Å" I shall ne’er flex my articulatio genuss to another, nor shall I kiss anyone ‘s pes. † Compelled, nevertheless, by the supplications of the Franks, he ordered one of his soldiers to snog the male monarch ‘s pes. The adult male instantly seized the male monarch ‘s pes, put it to his oral cavity and kissed it while the male monarch was still standing. The male monarch fell level on his dorsum. This raised a great laugh and greatly stirred up the crowd. â€Å" A A great narrative, but about surely a fable. Dudo was the official chronicler of the Rollonid dynasty, and he portrays Rollo as the leader of the Vikings in many runs and conflicts, possibly excessively many for historiographers to believe it. You read "Study On The Annals History Essay" in category "Essay exam ples" The facts of Rollo ‘s early old ages as leader of the early Normans are hence lost in the semblance of ulterior myths. Nonetheless, some of the indispensable inside informations in Dudo ‘s narrative have some cogency. Though Dudo is the lone beginning who dates the understanding between Rollo and Charles at 911, this does look to be a extremely plausible day of the month for the understanding. It is ill-defined when Viking plunderers began to settle in the coastal country, but there is some grounds from the few paperss that survive from this period. A Carolingian charter of 905 records Charles the Simple ‘s grant of two helot of the Crown from the pagus of Rouen to his Chancellor of the Exchequer Ernestus. This was the last royal charter in Normandy.A Three months subsequently, some thought of the convulsion in the part can be concluded from a charter of 906 that records the transportation of relics from Saint-Marcouf ( now in Manche, Basse-Normandie ) to Corbeny â€Å" because of the inordinate and drawn-out onslaughts of the heathens. â€Å" A A In 918, Charles the Simple granted the lands of the old abbey of La Croix-Saint-Leufroi to the abbey of Saint-Germanin-des-PresA â€Å" except that portion of the abbey ‘s lands that we have granted to the Normans of the Seine, viz. to Rollo and his followings, for the defense mechanism of the land. † A The p act entering this land grant to Rollo no longer exists, but it is clear that between the day of the months of these two royal announcements, Rollo and his followings had established themselves. The decisive event may hold been a conflict at Chartres in 911. Later Norman tradition tends to hold with this and places Rollo at the Centre of events, though some historiographers question this. One reading of the beginnings is that as a consequence of this conflict, the Vikings were appeased with a grant of land in order to incorporate and command them. Flodoard of Reims tells us that the Vikings had been granted the lands around Rouen â€Å" had some clip ago been given to the Northmen on history of the pledges of Charles who had promised them the comprehensiveness of the state. † Flodoard ‘s history is of import because it appears to give a modern-day position of the period. He was a canon of Reims, and wrote his annals from c. 925 until his decease in 966. The lone job is that he was some distance from Normandy, and the history of Normandy was non his chief concern. It is clear from his history that the Vikings and the Franks were in changeless battle. In 925, Flodoard records that â€Å" the Normans of Rouen broke the pact which they had one time made and devastated the territories [ pagi ] of Beauvais and Amiens. Those citizens of Amiens who were flying were burned by a fire for which they were ill-prepared. † The Franks responded by looting Rouen: â€Å" they set fire to manors, stole cowss and even killed some of the Normans. † Count Herbert led another force against the Vikings towards the E, and surrounded them in a cantonment on the coast.A A â€Å" It was this really same cantonment, situated on the seashore and called Eu that the Franks surrounded. They broke through the bulwark by which the cantonment was surrounded in forepart of its walls and weakening the wall, climbed all. Once they had won ownership of the town by contending, they so slaughtered all the males and put fire to its munitions. Some, nevertheless, escaped and took ownership of a certain neighbouring island. But the Franks attacked and captured it, although with a greater hold than when they had seized the town. After the Normans, who had been continuing their lives by contending as best they could, had seen what had happened and had let steal any hope of endurance, some plunged themselves into the moving ridges, some cut their pharynxs and some were killed by Frankish blades, while others died by their ain arms. And in this manner, one time everyone had been destroyed and an hideous sum of loot had been pillaged, the Franks returned to their district. † This graphic description gives historians a sense of the force of the age. The Vikings were marauding all across the northern coastal parts of Francia, though Neustria does look to be the chief country of their colony. However, they were surely non confined to this country, or prepared to accept its boundaries. In 937, Flodoard tells us, â€Å" The Bretons retreated to their fatherland after their long peregrinations fought in frequent conflicts with the Normans, who had invaded the district which had belonged to them, next to their ain. They ended up the stronger in many of these conflicts and reclaimed their ain district. â€Å" A Rollo is mentioned in 925 as princeps ( leader ) of the Northmen at Rouen. Although non mentioned at the clip, grounds from the 918 charter strongly suggests that the Norman chroniclers are right in stating that Rollo led the ground forces from the start. However, Dudo ‘s mention to the Treaty of St Clair-sur-Epte is unsubstantiated and should be dismissed as undependable. Dudo was besides misdirecting when depicting the footings of the colony. The granting of â€Å" the land from the river Epte † runs with the other beginnings, but the granting of Brittany does non. Neither does the scene of the arrant wilderness clasp true: if the land granted by Charles to the Vikings was â€Å" uncultivated by the plowshare, wholly deprived of herds of cowss and flocks of sheep and lacking in human life † , so why do Norse place-names merely form a minority of all place-names throughout Normandy? Entertaining though Dudo ‘s narrative may be, his history, and those of his followings and impersonators, can non be trusted for the early history of Normandy and historiographers must vacate themselves to set uping a few bare facts in the thick of ulterior deformations. The extension of Normandy ‘s boundary lines can be seen in Flodoard ‘s history. A King Ralph conceded Bayeux and Maine [ Cinomannis et Baiocae ] in 925 harmonizing to Flodoard, though there are uncertainties about the grant of Maine. Later in 933, the Normans were given Avranchin and Cotentin. Excluding Maine, this established Normandy in the approximative signifier that it existed in 1066. A The Cotentin peninsula was besides settled by Vikings independently of the Vikings under Rollo at Rouen. These early old ages were violent times. The Normans were invariably warring, contending with the Franks in 923, but chiefly concerned with spread outing their ain domain of influence. The people of Bayeux revolted against Viking regulation in 925, a twelvemonth after they had been transferred to the control of the counts of Rouen. Dudo recalls a rebellion against William Longsword by a certain Riulf: â€Å" ferociously filled with ill-famed perfidiousness † . Against all the emphasiss and the strains, against internal rebellion and external menaces, Normandy had secured its place by the center of the tenth-century and, though its security was threatened many times, the Norman district was strongly governed and able to throw off its enemies. This might possibly take us to see the pacts between the Franks and the Vikings as more important than they were at the clip. All the grounds suggests that the boundaries were comparatively unstable. Agreements were made, and Vikings baptised, but these baptisms frequently proved impermanent personal businesss. In the 920s, the archbishops of Rouen and Reims both wrote letters on the topic of Vikings who remained heathen despite holding converted. Herveus of Reims asked the Pope: â€Å" What should be done when they have been baptised and re-baptised, and after their baptism continue to populate in heathen manner, and in the mode of heathens kill Christians, slaughter priests, and, offering forfeits t o graven images, eat what has been offered? † There is small grounds for the widespread debut of Norse establishments or life style. Although in 1013 Duke Richard II welcomed a group of Vikings at Rouen, excessively much should non be read into this. The leaders, Richard and Olaf, may hold felt some commonalty, but this can non be discovered. Merely as Frankish Lords and male monarchs had welcomed Vikings and baptised them as Christians, in the hope of change overing them into a friend and non doing them an enemy, so Richard did with Olaf and his Vikings. Olaf had ravaged Brittany, but had allowed himself to be converted by Richard. The Normans were truly now more Franks than Scandinavians. Dudo claims that at the clip of William Longsword, Scandinavian address was disused at Rouen, and it is so likely that the native lingua was shortly adopted. On the Eve of the first Crusade, the Norman knight Bohemond was able to inquire, rhetorically, â€Å" Are we non Franks? † How does archeological and place-name grounds aid? The land divisions in Normandy appear to hold remained unchanged from the Frankish to the Norman eras. Jacques Le Maho ‘s survey of the Pays de Caux shows a continuity of seigneurial abodes, and it has been argued that there was greater continuity in this part than in other parts of Francia. The Vikings did convey bondage with them, but this did non last beyond the first century of business. The Normans seems to hold been extremely integrated with the Franks. One piece of grounds for this is the Fecamp coin host, including some coins struck at batchs in Cologne, Arles and Pavia. In Scandinavia, Norman coins discontinue to look in hosts after the early 11th century, looking alternatively in Francia and Italy. This suggests a continuance of merchandising links with Scandinavia for a piece, but with a steadily increasing Norman accent on contacts with the continent. Frankish justness was adopted ; the Norse thing did non go established. The survey of place-names provides an penetration into early Normano-Viking colony. The comprehensive survey undertaken by Jean Adigard des Gautrie tells the narrative of the Viking inflow. Taking all place-names with a possible or definite Norse influence, it can be seen that these are particularly legion in the Cotentin peninsula and along the seashore, with another big bunch in the Pays de Caux. They were besides legion â€Å" all along the great invasion path that was the Seine † and down the other rivers as good: grounds of the Vikings transporting on their raiding, going by ship across sea and along rivers. It seems rather likely that when Rollo had his territorial claims to Neustrian March recognised, he based his disposal around a coastal group of colonies already in being due to the activities of other Vikings over a figure of old ages. However, Norse place-names ne’er formed a local bulk over preexistent Frankish names, even in the countries of highest Norse place-name denseness. One account for this is the fleet acceptance of the local lingua by the Normans. Frank Stentonhttp: //www.manshead.beds.sch.uk/History/AS and A Level/The Normans in Europe/Normandy/Founding Normandy/when_did_the_vikings_become_norm.htm – _ftn10 made a good point when he compared place-names in Normandy and the English Danelaw. He pointed out that place-names with Viking personal name elements besides had Norse postfixs, for illustration Grimsby: the Viking personal name Grim and the postfix -by, the Norse word for small town. He compared this to Normandy, where place-names that have Viking personal names really frequently have native terminations, for illustration, A Gremonville, the stoping of which comes from the Latin Villa. The former indicates a big colony of Vikings, who named topographic points in their ain lingua. The latter might merely demo that while the Viking incomers founded and took over topographic points, it was the local population who really named these topographic points. This could be an indicant of the extent of the Viking colony in N ormandy. Archaeological grounds can state us small about early colony. Patrick Perik, analyzing the grounds found around the lower Seine, admits that the â€Å" archeological certification is singularly thin. † There is grounds for Norse presence: Viking blades and axes have been found, although Perin points out that despite two discoveries in the land that were likely buried as portion of a funeral, the weaponries found were all in the river. While this shows that Vikings were present here, it is non clear whether the discoveries are chiefly from colonies or chiefly from marauding hosts before the colony epoch. This grounds adds little to our cognition. It is clear that Northmen were present in Normandy for a long clip, but the archeology is scarce and can non be pinpointed in clip to give a clearer image of the early old ages of the Viking colony. The deficiency of discoveries does non problem David Bates unduly, though. â€Å" If an extended colonization can be argued for in Englan d despite the absence of important archeological discoveries, so the same decision seems executable for Normandy. † The deficiency of Viking discoveries does non automatically dismiss a ample Viking colony, but if this was the instance so the colonists really rapidly adopted Frankish imposts. Whatever the size of the colony, there is another argument on the velocity of integrating. â€Å" Whichever manner we turn † , writes Ralph Davies, â€Å" we have to acknowledge that the Viking society of Rollo and his comrades was something rather different from the Norman society of the 11th century. The one developed from the other, but the development was non effectual until the two races had merged and the Northmen had, for all practical intents, become Frenchmen. † The degree of integrating is hard to state, and David Bates and Eleanor Searle keep different positions on this. Bates believes that the Viking incomers rapidly became integrated into the native society, so that they had shortly adopted Frankish manners and establishments. Searle ‘s place is that they remained self-consciously Viking until the mid-eleventh century. The grounds for this period is patchy and frequently inconclusive. The early history of Normandy can be told magisterially merely in really au naturel and apparent footings. Tempting though it is to utilize more expansive and colorful Norman paperss, these tell us more about the demands of the developing Norman province than about its early history. For the period he records, 923-966, Flodoard of Reims seems to be a dependable beginning, though his chief focal point is non Normandy. As for the Norse impact on Normandy, there does non look to hold been an overpowering turbulence. Norse linguas appear non to hold been spoken more than three coevalss after the colony. Administrative territories were kept integral, estates seem to hold survived, and on the whole the Normans ruled through Frankish-style establishments. But Michel de Bouardhttp: //www.manshead.beds.sch.uk/History/AS and A Level/The Normans in Europe/Normandy/Founding Normandy/when_did_the_vikings_become_norm.htm – _ ftn14 warns against the simple premise of continuity merely because of a deficiency of institutional alteration. He talks of the â€Å" energy, the effectivity of ducal power in Normandy † and warns that we should ne’er bury the â€Å" human factor † in all this. Surely, Normandy grew as a power once the Vikings had taken control. There is grounds here for both continuity and discontinuity. Since the beginnings tell us so small, it is a argument that will be difficult to decide. How to cite Study On The Annals History Essay, Essay examples

Hms Challenger Journal free essay sample

The ship set sail from Portsmouth, England early yesterday morning and we have been sailing for almost a whole 24 hours; Im assuming were about 40 degrees north of the equator. Its a perfect day out for sailing, the water is crystal blue, my hair Is softly blowing though the wind, and theres not a cloud In sight. Today my job was to use a dredge. A dredge takes samples along the surface of the seafloor while being dragged across the bottom. I didnt have much luck today finding large organisms other than a few normal fish, but we did bring up some mud with Insects living In It.The Insects were tiny seemed to have been feeding on the mud. They looked to be worms with legs. Only much slimmer than worms Day 2- January 10th 1873 Its my day off: weve landed at the island of Tristan Dachas. We will write a custom essay sample on Hms Challenger Journal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its a beautiful island with perfect weather conditions. It felt good to finally be back on dry land. Our ship has run out of food so I volunteered to go look for food. We had men fishing, men hunting, and men looking for food thats been growing. I was searching for grown food when I came across a spring of fresh water.I knew we were running low on rest water so I ran back to the ship, brought some help and hauled tons of drinking water to the ship. When we got back the captain had our meal ready, it wasnt much but at least it was something. All we had was fish to eat but there was plenty enough there to feed the crew. The fish was gray in color with a bunch of black dots on the upper half of the body. Coming down the side of the fish looked to be a reddish almost pink stripe. Day 3- January 1873 While was prepping the ship to set sail again before the rain comes, something strange happened.Out of nowhere I was stung by a Jelly fish on my foot. I thought nothing of it; I Just figured it was Just a sting. I finished the last minute preparations and hobbled my way back to the ship to tell the captain. He poured some water over the Infected area while I rested. Then I became nauseous, I poked my head over board to vomit. After five minutes of puking I sat back down. The pain had gotten worse to the point where It was almost unbearable. The weather was horrible at this time, lightning, thunder, and strong gusts of wind. It was 11 oclock In the morning but looked almost to be night time.I lay down In my bed all day long, with vomiting ND diarrhea. There was nothing more for me to do. We had no remedies for the sting or the Illness. Its Just a matter of time till Im better. Hams Challenger Journal By kicked of the equator. Its a perfect day out for sailing, the water is crystal blue, my hair is softly blowing though the wind, and theres not a cloud in sight. Today my Job was to other than a few normal fish, but we did bring up some mud with insects living in it. The insects were tiny seemed to have been feeding on the mud. They looked to be Its my day off; weve landed at the island of Tristan Dachas.Its a beautiful island eater to the ship. When we got back the captain had our meal ready, it wasnt much Day 3- January 11th 1873 While I was prepping the ship to set sail again before the rain comes, something the infected area while I rested. Then I became nauseous, I poked my head over worse to the point where it was almost unbearable. The weather was horrible at this time, lightning, thunder, and strong gusts of wind. It was 11 oclock in the morning but looked almost to be night time. I lay down in my bed all day long, with vomiting sting or the illness. Its Just a matter of time till Im better.

Business operations planning

Free Essays on Cuba

â€Å"LIFE OUTSIDE THE ISLAND† Why is it that your opinion has never been taken in account?, that your dreams and ideals will never be any better than what supposedly the government wants for your future?. Is this the way you wnat to live?. This type of government in your island takes aways your human rights, is it worth living for?. Kids in Cuba, take a better look at everything that surrounds you, and start thinking for yourselves. The system in your country is doing no good for your future, besides being selfish, it’s unfair and allows no freedom of speech. When you are little, you have dreams; children are entitled to be someone, and fulfill dreams. The government that runs your country can be qualified as an anarchy from their part. It is an abuse of power, abuse towards the people living in your country, but out of this, the ones that are going to be the most affected are the kids: YOU. It is now or never that you’ve got to turn around, and start analyzing your present from a whole new point of view, if you want a bright future. You are suffering while your govenment is saying â€Å"what a derision that people are against us†. The first thing that I would say, is that you should bequeath this system, before it destroys what’s left of you. You were born under his style of government, unfortunatley some of you got accostumed to it, but some of you, as well as me can’t understand why these people are blind to the fact that without this type of government they can open new gates of possibilities, chances, hope, freedom, and most importantly, our rights!. You got to make an aphorism about your rights, and make everyone understand and listen to your opinions. I would have to tell you to stop, and think for this moment about your future kids, analyze if you want them to go through what you are going through right now. It’s a matter of coming to your senses, thinking not only in your present but also in the kids of t... Free Essays on Cuba Free Essays on Cuba Throughout history the United States has looked for ways to gain economic and strategic power. A prime example of this drive for power can be seen in the United States’ dealings with Cuba. Strategically as well as economically Cuba was seen as the perfect addition for the United States to establish itself as a world power. The line of Cuban independence from Spain was one which was constantly being blurred. Before the end of the American Civil War, rich plantation owners in Cuba were eager to sever ties with Spain in order to be incorporated by the United States (Dent 1999, 116). If the slave holding United States would have entered Cuba, both the Cuban elite and the United States would have benefited economically. After the United States abolished slavery, there was less incentive for the Cuban plantation owners to push for American annexation. On the other hand, there were many Cubans fighting for a revolution under the auspices of a raceless nation. These people were from all walks of life. Before it was officially mandated, many slave owners would free their slaves if they would participate in the revolution. This idea of a raceless nation was for the most part a myth. Considering one’s nation as raceless is contradictory in and of itself because when you consider racelessness, you are acknowledging the existence of race. Although freeing slaves to fight for the revolution appeared to be a noble idea, it was often for selfish reasons. The freed slaves would be put to work doing the work which most people did not want to do such as digging trenches and so forth (Ferrer). Due to this the revolution was doomed from the beginning. Had Cubans actually believed in a raceless society, they would have been better off. The problems the Cubans were having with ideas of a raceless society were not totally their own fault. In looking for aid in the revolution, Cubans turned to the United States. This turned out to hu... Free Essays on Cuba â€Å"LIFE OUTSIDE THE ISLAND† Why is it that your opinion has never been taken in account?, that your dreams and ideals will never be any better than what supposedly the government wants for your future?. Is this the way you wnat to live?. This type of government in your island takes aways your human rights, is it worth living for?. Kids in Cuba, take a better look at everything that surrounds you, and start thinking for yourselves. The system in your country is doing no good for your future, besides being selfish, it’s unfair and allows no freedom of speech. When you are little, you have dreams; children are entitled to be someone, and fulfill dreams. The government that runs your country can be qualified as an anarchy from their part. It is an abuse of power, abuse towards the people living in your country, but out of this, the ones that are going to be the most affected are the kids: YOU. It is now or never that you’ve got to turn around, and start analyzing your present from a whole new point of view, if you want a bright future. You are suffering while your govenment is saying â€Å"what a derision that people are against us†. The first thing that I would say, is that you should bequeath this system, before it destroys what’s left of you. You were born under his style of government, unfortunatley some of you got accostumed to it, but some of you, as well as me can’t understand why these people are blind to the fact that without this type of government they can open new gates of possibilities, chances, hope, freedom, and most importantly, our rights!. You got to make an aphorism about your rights, and make everyone understand and listen to your opinions. I would have to tell you to stop, and think for this moment about your future kids, analyze if you want them to go through what you are going through right now. It’s a matter of coming to your senses, thinking not only in your present but also in the kids of t... Free Essays on Cuba The United States and China are probably the world’s largest economies. Relations between these two countries are crucial to the development of the world economy. Unfortunately, economic relations between the two countries are troubled. China is large, rapidly growing, and still in the process of reforming their economy. Despite its size and importance to the global economy, it recently became a member of the World Trade Organization, the primary institution for managing the world trade system. As a result, trade between the United States and China has not been perfect. For Warp Corporation to invest in China the advantages must outweigh the disadvantages. First, Warp Corporation must begin by researching the profitability of company they would purchase in China. In this case Warp Corporation should not expand overseas. Reasons for not investing include the following factors: political influence, financial support, cultural preferences, all expenses, competition, and the economy of China. The political influence in China is huge. Politics involves the Chinese government, military, and taxes. The Chinese government is corrupt and has a large impact on the countries that enter the Chinese market. If the political leadership in China began to fear that other nations were pulling the country apart, there might be a cutback of economic reform, and the Chinese government would become less responsive to the interests of foreigners and to fulfilling international obligations. To prevent this fear, regulations are placed on the businesses that decide to come into China. These regulations differ from the U.S., which makes it difficult to start the business as soon as possible. For example, if the regulations are not abided by the Chinese government can use their military, go into a U.S. owned business and shut it down. These actions cannot be tolerated in a business that is trying to grow. Financial problems will occur du... Free Essays on Cuba Cuba Ever wondered about little Havana, Cuban Culture, their religion, or the issues that are in Cuba? Well in this paper I will be talking about all of this and hopefully you will learn new things about Cuba or maybe you will read something that you already know about Cuba. Cuba is much more that just a country that is known for making the finest cigars in the world. There are actually a lot of problems that affect the people and the land of Cuba. Although I will only be talking about a few of these problems I hope that you will understand what it would be like to live in Cuban country. Cuba is the largest island and one of the most beautiful islands in the West Indies. Towering mountains and rolling hills cover about a third of the island. The rest of Cuba consists of slopes and grasslands. Cuba has a beautiful coastline with deep bays, sandy beaches, and coral reefs. But behind all of the beauty there is a lot of poverty. In Cuba life isn’t the best. The way of life for a Cuban man or woman is that most of them live in urban areas. Most of the people that live in the capitol city Havana either work for government agencies or small factories. Some people operate their own business but that is a very small percent. Havana has a very large housing shortage and many live in very crowded high rise apartments. In many cases two families live in one apartment. Many of the buildings are in real need of repair. Energy shortages cause blackouts, the closing of factories, and a decline in transportation services. The people that live in rural areas work on farms and live in bohios. Bohios are thatch-roofed dwellings with dirt floors. Before the 1959 revolution many rural areas lacked health care, schools, adequate transportation and communication. What religion do the people of Cuba Practice? Well about forty percent of the Cuban people are Roman Catholices. Several protestant groups have widespread membership in... Free Essays on Cuba The year is 1959 and the place is Cuba. It is January 1st and Batista, the president of Cuba has just fled the country fearing Fidel Castro, a Cuban revolutionary who mounted a rebel force called the 26th of July Movement against Batista. Castro assumes power on the 16th of February and establishes a dictatorship. The Communist Rule Of Cuba So far, the Soviet leader, Khrushchev is in question of what political track Castro is deciding to take. Russia themselves have only one connection with Fidel which is his brother Raul who is no doubt a full communist. The Communist Party of Cuba at this time has no contacts with Castro quite yet. Unfortunately, Raul never showed his true feelings for communism to his brother, Fidel. This causes quite a predicament for the Soviet Union to make them seen and heard by Cuba. Smartly, Russia sends Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan, who held business contacts in the US, to the states as a guest of the Russian ambassador. Fidel hears of Mikoyan’s arrival in the US and invites him to visit Cuba. Although Mikoyan is traveling throughout the island, looking things over, Castro still has not identified himself as a Communist quite yet. In May of 1960, diplomatic relations between Russia and Cuba are established following Mikoyan’s visit to the island. One reason why Cuba has turned to Russia is because the US had cut off their oil supplies and imposed an economic embargo on the island because of the naturalization of US owned companies and citizens by the Cuban government. This calls for a massive oil shipment from the Soviets but unfortunately, Russia was unable to handle such a demand because of their limited overseas shipping capabilities. Subsequently, Russia puts an order for extra oil tankers from Italy, a capitalist country. When Italy agrees to the business proposition, the US is infuriated that another capitalist country was willing to help a communist country. Italy saw it as nothing more than an opportu... Free Essays on Cuba The United States and China are probably the world’s largest economies. Relations between these two countries are crucial to the development of the world economy. Unfortunately, economic relations between the two countries are troubled. China is large, rapidly growing, and still in the process of reforming their economy. Despite its size and importance to the global economy, it recently became a member of the World Trade Organization, the primary institution for managing the world trade system. As a result, trade between the United States and China has not been perfect. For Warp Corporation to invest in China the advantages must outweigh the disadvantages. First, Warp Corporation must begin by researching the profitability of company they would purchase in China. In this case Warp Corporation should not expand overseas. Reasons for not investing include the following factors: political influence, financial support, cultural preferences, all expenses, competition, and the economy of China. The political influence in China is huge. Politics involves the Chinese government, military, and taxes. The Chinese government is corrupt and has a large impact on the countries that enter the Chinese market. If the political leadership in China began to fear that other nations were pulling the country apart, there might be a cutback of economic reform, and the Chinese government would become less responsive to the interests of foreigners and to fulfilling international obligations. To prevent this fear, regulations are placed on the businesses that decide to come into China. These regulations differ from the U.S., which makes it difficult to start the business as soon as possible. For example, if the regulations are not abided by the Chinese government can use their military, go into a U.S. owned business and shut it down. These actions cannot be tolerated in a business that is trying to grow. Financial problems will occur du... Free Essays on Cuba Introduction It has been told, â€Å"In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.† Upon his voyages to the New World, he discovered what he called Juana, now known as Cuba. On October 28, 1492, Columbus and his voyagers sighted the island and the next day, October 29, 1492, the Europeans, for the first time in history, set foot on Cuban soil. Although Columbus discovered Cuba, it was already inhabited by Arawak Native Americans; variously described as members of the Ciboney, Taino, and Guanajatabeye tribes ( ). In 1511, Cuba was successfully invaded in an effort led by Diego Velaquez de Cuellar, Cuba’s soon to be governor, who governed from 1511-1524. The Spanish were in search of gold and although Cuba did not have as much as other Latin American countries, it did have some. The Spaniards used a type of labor called encomienda to mine the gold. Encomienda was a tribute institution where the Spaniards received Indians as an entrustment, to protect and Christianize, but in return could d emand tribute including labor ( ). The Indians offered little resistance to the Spanish and by the end of the 16th century only small groups remained in the mountainous areas of the island. Dependency CUBA PAST AND PRESENT Many countries have had controversial and difficult pasts, but Cuba’s is exceptionally eventful. Since its discovery, it has been colonized, run by outsiders, invaded, and seen the rise of communism in the form of Fidel Castro. To understand the current relationship between the U.S. and Cuba one must understand the history between the two countries. From Spain to the U.S. Cuba has had to struggle for independence. Cuba was originally a Spanish colony. Then in 1823, Thomas Jefferson talked of annexing Cuba, but never acted upon it. Cuba gained their independence from Spain in December of 1898 . After the Spanish American War of 1898, the U.S. had extended rule to both Cuba and Puerto Rico. Under the Platt Amendment of 1901, the U.S... Free Essays on Cuba THE CUBAN NATION, 1898-1959 The final years of the nineteenth century shaped the Cuba that entered the twentieth century as a United States economic dependent and political protectorate. The actions and events of these years and the resulting conditions contributed heavily to the political, social and economic disarray manifested as virulent Cuban nationalism and anti-Americanism throughout the new century. Before reviewing some factors that shaped Cuba after 1880, we will briefly examine some of the geographic, cultural, demographic, political, and economic factors that were important to Cuba's development. Geographically, Cuba is an island nation in the northern Caribbean. At its northernmost point, Cuba is less than 100 miles from the southern tip of Florida. It stretches southeasterly 750 miles from the eastern Gulf of Mexico through the northern Caribbean and generally measures fifty to eighty miles wide. The highest elevations in Cuba exceed 6,000 feet in the Sierra Maestra mountain range of southeastern Oriente Province. Except for three small areas, the western lowlands range below 600 feet elevation and cover 60 percent of the island. [Carlson, p. 443]. Christopher Columbus discovered Cuba on his first voyage in 1492. Successive expeditions used Cuba as a staging area. Culturally, Cuba's development followed closely that of other Latin American nations Spanish conquerors claimed the lands for the crown, subordinated the indigenous population to European governors, exploited minerals and agricultural resources, and imported African slaves to support agriculture or mining. Cuban exceptions or variations included remaining a Spanish colony much longer into the nineteenth century, abolishing African slavery much later, failing to develop close ties to the Catholic Church, and developing a landless working class instead of a peasantry. Cuba also failed to develop the strong Indian culture common to many Latin countries ...

Research Methods in the Social Sciences Assignment - 5

Research Methods in the Social Sciences - Assignment Example every society, and are certainly committed in every region of the globe, though the proportion and number of its occurring varies from one culture to the other. The research reveals that the adult diagnostic training center (ADTC), in the wake of premeditated legislation, looks for treating only those offenders, who are determined to surrender this condemnable habit for good for the welfare of the society at large. The research shows that 20% to 30% young females become victim to sexual attempts and assaults, which is committed to women belonging to divergent groups and communities without discrimination, and same commonalty is found among male offenders. Sex offence is the most repeated one, as an overwhelming majority of the offenders repeats it again and again soon after their release from the jail, though percentage of recidivism is far lower among those who are treated through therapy than other offenders. Zgoba et al. point out many obstacles while estimating sex offences recid ivism rates which include absence of the determination of the newly devised term i.e. sex recidivism, underreporting of the offences, unavailability of similar research population and sample, unavailability of competitive group and long gap between the conducting of researches on this topic. All these reasons serve as imperative impediments in the assessment of sex offence recidivism. The research views that authorities and public considers sex offences as untreatable crime; consequently, the offenders must be treated very harshly so that the society could be protected from their nefarious activities. Even the medical specialists and psychologists recommend cruel punishments to be inflicted upon them to teach them remarkable lesson for violating the statutes of law on the one hand, and hurting the innocent victims of their criminal assaults on the other. Hence, instead of launching the futile and useless rehabilitation health programs for them, the sex offenders must be punished in

Cleopatra Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Cleopatra - Research Paper Example This essay describes Cleopatra, who came into power in a period when there was much tension in the Egyptian Empire, owing to the inclusion of Rome within its territory. Thus, her reign was a very difficult period and consisted of many ups and downs. She had to face internal pressure from Egypt owing to the fact that a woman ruler was not very much welcome in her period and people were still unprepared to be ruled by a female empress. Furthermore, there were external pressures from Rome as well. But Cleopatra was a woman who utilized her charms and her brilliance to overcome this pressure and faced all the challenges. She used her looks and her brilliance to engage with two important men of that period, which included Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. She could not face defeat and when she lost all hope of remaining in power, she chose to kill herself rather than live a life of defeat. Her life and her rule are still remembered and are significant in the history of the world. Even after centuries, the empire of Cleopatra is remembered because of the wealth that it had gathered in those times. Cleopatra was a charismatic leader who worked towards her country in order to conquer many territories. Her love affair with Antony was so pure that the examples of it are still given in our century. She chose to make deals rather than spill the blood of her soldiers and it is through these conditions that she was able to grasp a wide territory. Her charisma can be clearly witnessed in forming a deal with both Caesar and Antony.

Crime and punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime and punishment - Essay Example Absence of punishments in a criminal justice system not only makes the criminals brave and fearless but also encourages them to commit crimes repeatedly. Here, I would like to say that punishment alone is not a very effective method for reducing the number of crimes because where it injects a sense of fear into the minds of the criminals; it also injects a sense of revenge in them, which is very harmful for the peace of whole society. A good method is to make use of reformation along with punishment because reformation changes the behavior and attitude of a criminal. Professional psychologists attempt to alter the behaviors of criminals by doing their psychotherapies and guiding them towards the right path. Therefore, I would say that although punishment is effective in reducing the number of crimes but it should be accompanied with reformation process in order to transform the criminals into peaceful citizens. To What Degree Punishment is Effective? The effectiveness of punishments depends on the type of punishment and the motive behind the punishments, which are given by the judges to the criminals. There are different types of punishments for different types of crimes. ... Punishments are very effective because they not only stop the criminals from committing crimes without any fear but also play a vital role in establishing and maintaining peace in a society. Punishments are very effective in reducing the number of crimes because it injects a sense of fear in the minds of the criminals, which stops them from committing any form of crime in future. The goals of punishments and one’s belief about the purpose of sentencing play a critical role in making punishments an effective tool for crime reduction. Decisions for punishments are only effective when they are based on merit because if a judge punishes a person without any solid proofs or by ignoring the ground realities, it injects a sense of revenge in the mind of that person, which makes him/her a real criminal once he/she comes out of jail. Therefore, I would say that the efficacy of punishments is deeply related with the merit-based decisions and with the purpose behind the punishments. Is C orporal Punishment Or The Death Penalty Justifiable In Any Sensible Way? Before going to describe whether corporal punishment and death penalty are sensible ways of punishments or not, let us get a better understanding of what corporal punishment and death penalty actually are. Corporal punishment means using physical force on a person as a form of punishment for a crime, whereas death penalty means sentencing a criminal to death because of some form of crime, which he/she commits. Both forms of punishments are given to the criminals in almost every country depending on the nature of crimes. I personally think that although corporal punishment is a harsh punishment, still it is a much better way to punish the criminals as compared to death

Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay

Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay Time of activity is calculated in forward pass and backward pass to determine float. Forward pass (earliest start + duration = earliest finish) to calculates earliest event time of activity which estimates project complete time for example; activity F earliest finish days are 18 (14 + 4). Latest event time of activity is calculated in backward pass (latest finish duration = latest start) to determine activity in critical path and with float such as activity H latest start day are 20 (22 2). Total float = Latest finish Earliest start Duration. For example, float for activity C is 3 days (12 days 6 days -3 days) Activity A to Q is calculated in a forward pass; therefore project duration is 47 days (Table 1). Critical path are activity with zero float such as activity B (6 days 4 days 2 days) base on above formula and others activities. Below are the activities in critical path. Project will compete on 12 April 2011 which is calculated in a forward pass with 5 days working week exclude Saturday and Sunday (Table 2). For example, project start on 7 February 2011, activity A project duration is 4 days, therefore activity A will finish at 10 February 2011. a) 1 day delay during activity F, project still complete on 47 days due to activity F have 4 days float. Even thought delay 1 day, activity F still got 3 days float (4 days 1 days = 3 days). b) Activity P falls under critical path which mean activity with zero float. Therefore 1 day delay will increase project complete date from original 47 days to 48 days (47 days + 1 days delay = 48 days). c) Activity Q is last activity. Activity Q also is an activity with zero float and on critical path. Conclusion, 1 day delay in activity Q will delay whole project complete date by 1 day. Then new project complete date will be 48 days in state of 47days. Question 6 Project complete duration can be estimate by using network diagram. It helps project manager to monitor project easier base on duration of each activity. In other words, it helps manager to estimate the earliest time for activities to start and finish. On other hand it also helps to predict latest start and finish time for the activities to complete whole project without delay. Furthermore, network diagram is link among each activity, it provide clear picture on how each activity perform in project and on critical path which may influence project duration if there is any delay. Besides, it saves research time and speed out the time to solve the problem which helps to avoid delay in project. Moreover, activities in network diagram are depending of their completion means activity A must finish before activity B start. Each activity needs different time and resources to complete its part. Thus project manager able to allocate and fully utilize each activity time and resources with limited time and resources given. Network diagram show the activities in critical path. Base on this information, project manager able to forecast and monitor on those activities fall in critical path properly to avoid any delay during the project. In case of delay, project manager able to plan the necessary step to backup the activity delay so the project will complete on time. Base on network diagram, project manager able to make a decision whether project should speed out to save costs because of the shorter duration to complete or there is any opportunity costs while speeds out process take part. According to this, project manager able to monitor the budget with actual cost in each activity to avoid over budget from the project which may affect project future profit. (636 word) Appendix Reference http://tutor2u.net/business/production/critical-path-analysis.htm (view on 9/9/10 8:42am) http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_purpose_of_a_network_diagram (view on 2/9/10 1:36pm) http://hadm.sph.sc.edu/courses/j716/cpm/cpm.html (view 9/9/10 9:01am) Mike Field and Laurie Keller (1998) Project Management The Open University, UK University of Sunderland (2005) SIM355 Managing Project, Version 2.0 The University of Sunderland, UK Date: 4th October 2010 To: Board of Directors From: Project Manager of Opening New Showroom in West England Reference: A report submitted to Board of Director of Cooper and Cooper on feasibility stage Project Management Preview of Opening New Showroom for 150,000sqm. Executive Summary Project management team had been tasked with the responsibilities to handle the project of Cooper and Cooper with objective to open new customized showroom which include workshop, administration office, luxury motor vehicles display and allow trading in buying and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project life cycle is used by project manager during project period to determine each stage in project life cycle is follow accordingly. Those stages are concept stage, development stage, implementation stage and terminal stage. By undertaking feasibility study, project manager develop a business case, establish goal and objective of Copper and Cooper at concept stage. STEEP analysis is use to focus on factors should aware before project start. Team member include team leader has appointed. In development stage, project plan has been created. It also includes financial plan by estimate total costs of the project and payback period. In addition, work breakdown structure has been created which helps in resources, quality, communication and procurement plan. Major categories risk has been determine and risk management model is use to manage risk. Implementation stage more concern about how project manager control and monitor whole project when it has been started. Motivation of team member is essential key during the project. Therefore leadership style help team member and project manager motivate team member. Project is complete at terminal stage and review of project has been done. Opening ceremony, trading and operation of new base is ready. Project manager and team member will be a consultant and relocated. List of Table Table 1: Stakeholder expectation to company 13 Table 2: STEEP analyses 15 Table 3: Work breakdown structure 16 Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks 18 Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the project 19 List of Chart Page 1 of 46 1 Page 7 of 46 2 Table of Contents List of Table 10 List of Chart 10 1.0INTRODUCTION 12 1.1Background of Cooper and Cooper 12 1.2Project Life Cycle 13 2.0CONCEPT STAGE 13 2.1Goal and Objective 13 2.2STEEP analysis 15 2.3Renovation and Security 16 2.4New Employment 16 3.0DEVELOPMENT STAGE 16 3.1Work Breakdown Structure 16 3.2Risk Categories 17 3.3Risk Management 18 3.4Risk Monitoring 18 3.5Cost Estimate 19 4.0IMPLEMENTATION STAGE 20 4.1Responding to risk 20 4.2Report Frequently 21 4.3Monitoring and Controlling 21 4.4Leadership and Motivation 22 4.5Managing and Administrating 23 4.6Approval from stakeholders 24 5.0TERMINATION STAGE 24 5.1Showroom preparation 24 5.2Open ceremony 24 5.3 Review and relocate team member 24 6.0CONCLUSION 25 APPENDIX 25 REFERENCE 45 Task 2 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to determine ability of the project management team to handle the project with objective to open new customized showroom which include workshop, administration office, motor vehicles display area, customer parking lots and associated landscaping. Background of Cooper and Cooper Automobile company normally faces the challenge on provides best product to customer which really met their requirement. Cooper and Cooper (CC) are company mainly focuses on customization of high quality motor vehicles such as Mercedes, Ferrari, Lamborghini, BMW and Range Rover. Currently, they have 1 base in the south West of England and had acquisition new additional base of 150,000sq meters to build a custom showroom that allow trading in buying and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project Life Cycle Project manager use project life cycle (PLC) to defined planning methodology which include goal setting, define costs, establish time and project controlling. PLC comprises four stages: concept, development, implementation and terminal (Chart 5 in appendix). CONCEPT STAGE Goal and Objective Goal and objective of company may create motivation and focus performance. Therefore effective objective must be specific, measurable, agreed, realistic and time limited (SMART). In addition, other objectives such as customer and employee satisfaction and ethical practices will increase value of company in long term (Table 1). Table 1: Stakeholder expectation to company Stakeholder Expectation from company shareholder Return on dividend base on money invest employee yearly salary increment and bonus government tax computation base on profit generate supplier Continue supplier and payment on time customer Services satisfaction Therefore, preproject evaluation should be use to monitor project objective and overall strategy of the CC. Chart 1 below shows world yearly production of motor vehicles. According to this table, CC goal is to achieve 25% of the selling luxury customize motor vehicles base on car production in UK and achieve sustainable growth of 20% annually. Chart 1: World motor vehicle production (source: http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/) (For a breakdown of production by country in the world, refer Table 8 in appendix) Most of companies determine selling price as a cost + profit but hereby non-cost principle: selling price cost = profit are better way for CC to determine the selling price. Reasonable and acceptable selling price will help to stay competitive. Lean management is the way to create a sustainable continual improvement strategy and goal. STEEP analysis Besides internet factors that influence by both shareholder and stakeholder, CC should focus on external factor that may affect project by using STEEP analyses before open new base which shows table 2 below: Table 2: STEEP analyses Social Increase population life style by create more job opportunity and more income Technologies Aware of rapid technologies change in environment which will affect productivity Economy Increase in life style, gross domestic production (GDP) will increase therefore economy of nation, company and employee of company will increase Ecological Better living environment such as improve in transportation, education and etc Political Aware on changes in government policies such as health and safety law for employee (Table 9 in appendix ) Renovation and Security Showroom design will create right mood for customer to purchase motor vehicles. Thus renovation is an essential sales tool. Furthermore, security of showroom is major concern with valuable motor vehicles display so security alarm system such as CCTV and infrared for night security should be installed. Table 10 in appendix shows the detail costs for renovation and estimate will complete in one year for date of commission. New Employment New head of project and departments such as engineering, customer services and etc should be employed to run new base daily activities. Therefore this showroom will provide employment for 60 people. Project team leader should be appointed to specially take care of each part of the activities base on their experience and skill. DEVELOPMENT STAGE Work Breakdown Structure Once concept stage had been approved by related parties and new team leader had been employed. Team leader will monitor and control their team activities on below work structure. Therefore project schedule can map out and cost able to estimate after completion of work breakdown structure (WBS). WBS also helps to identify risk of the project too. Table 3: Work breakdown structure Project Manager Renovation Finance Security Marketing and customer services HR and Admin Engineering Customize Decoration Sale Facilities Invoices Electrical Services Purchasing Customer research Entrance Receive Plumbing Recruitment Customer complain Cost Interior design Events show Payment Risk Categories Once work had been allocated, we need to categories type of the risk. Table 4 in below show the categories of risk which may face during project period: Table 4: Major categories of risk (source: SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005)) Risk category Example Technical Fail to change and get information regarding new technology, design error or omissions Environment Culture of organization such as same model of motor vehicles not accept by all population in the world Financial Cash flow problem, budget cuts and corporate unpredictability Resources Specialize skill people and equipment not available Human Lack motivation for employee will increase human error, personality conflict and miscommunication Logistical Material supplier problem such as shortest in material or excess credit limit and period Government Different government policies for different countries and change in rules and regulation Market Motor vehicles model fail to meet customer requirement and competitor produce new motor vehicle with meet customer requirement Risk Management Risk categories had defined, risk management model is the way to manage risk (Table 11 in appendix). According to risk management, objective of project need to define then only able to identify potential risk and monitor whether impact of the risk to such project. Example, logistical risk will affect project duration in case lack material for renovation. This logistical risk can be preventing by sign contract with supplier to confirm they will supply sufficient material when there is shortage. Furthermore payment period and credit limit should monitor properly to avoid excess limit given by supplier. Logistical risk can be avoided by sign contract with supply. Thus this risk had transfer to supplier. Risk Monitoring Whole team member should work together to report, monitor and plan the risk when they find that potential risk rise. Potential risk event will impact project costs, time and scope. As a result, project costs will increase; time will extent and scope of business will be limited. Therefore prioritizing potential risks (Table 5) is useful to assessing risk on impact and ability to influence whole project. Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks High impact: Low ability to influence High impact: High ability to influence Low impact: Low ability to influence Low impact: High ability to influence Impact Ability to influence Site plan for new base should be submit to government department to get approval before renovation start. Equipment and material such as engine for motor vehicle should be purchase table 12 in appendix shows how purchasing procedure should be done. Cost Estimate In reality, most of the shareholders are concern with when can they get back their money after invest to this project. Table 6 below is the simple calculation on payback period for the equipment purchase. Base on below table; estimate payback period for project is 7 years because of the positives cumulative cash flow. Estimate costs for cash outflow are the operation cost incurred at initial of project (year 0) and there is no other additional cash. Cash inflow is the cash receive from the sales generate. Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the project IMPLEMENTATION STAGE Responding to risk According to risk categories and management in development stage, risk responsibility of stakeholders should take into consideration (Table 7). Table 7: Respond to risk (source: SIM335 Managing project, UOS (2005)) Risk respond Description Risk Reduction Deduce risk by hire lack experience employment. Risk Transfer Transfer risk to thirty parties by sign contract or agreement Risk Acceptance Accept risk rather plan it due to low impact Political risk cannot neither be reduce or transfer but only can be accept even thought impact is high Mitigating risk Reduce risk before event happen such as well maintain on technologies All project team member moves to site on this stage and project team leader should take care of their part to make sure project will complete as plan. Orientation given to all team members to make sure they know the procedure and activities they involve. Report Frequently Weekly meeting will conduct on every Monday morning for each team leader to participate on the status of their activity and problem facing. Problem will bring out to find the better solution to solve without delay project completion. Monitoring and Controlling Chart 2: Monitoring and controlling process (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg ) Project comparing planned outcome and actual outcome will be done on the meeting and ongoing project evaluation according to process flow in chart 2. This is to make sure actual cost of work perform will not exceed budgeted cost of work perform by 10% maximum and measure the status of the project. Submission of changes request form (table 13 in appendix) and project communication form (table 14 in appendixes) is compulsory in case of changes during the project. This is to monitor and control project quality and resources Leadership and Motivation Project Manager should ensure employment motivation during project period. Therefore Maslows hierarchy of needs will help to increase motivation (Chart 3) Chart 3: Maslows hierarchy of Needs (Source: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm) Leader is the essential for increase motivation because leader role is to get things done and drive change through team member. Leadership styles as show in chart 4 below: Chart 4: Leadership style (source: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html) (For details of leadership styles, refer table 15 in appendix) Managing and Administrating Renovation such as floor, roof, stairs and external works undertake as per design which follow government rules and regulation. Electrical, gas and light installed after completion of ceiling renovation. Furniture and fitting, office equipment such as air-conditional and workshop facilities had been purchase and fix accordingly. Workshop and office area constructed at estimated size of 35,000sqm. High quality vehicles will display in showroom therefore showroom facilities and interior decoration done at estimated size of 95,000sqm. The balance 20,000sqm will as a parking lot for customer during entrance to showroom. Completions of showroom pass to shareholder and stakeholder to review and approved. Corrections actions will be done as per shareholder and stakeholder requirement. Approval from stakeholders After approval from stakeholder and shareholder base on renovation done, event team prepare for showroom opening ceremony. Motor vehicles will move in and display as per plan and design. Reconfirm all had been done and complete as per plan by using checklist (Table 16 in appendix). TERMINATION STAGE Showroom preparation 1 manager, 3 sales assistants and 2 administration assistant staffs will be employed as an operations team for the showroom. Showroom need to obtain Certificate of fitness from government agencies before start trading. Showroom operation hours are determined according to healthy and safety act. Open ceremony List down guest name for shareholder and stakeholder to decide who will be inviting for opening ceremony and sent out the invitation card to ceremony. All documents for project will be update and filling before signing off and finalist project. Review and relocate team member Project completion evaluation must be done to confirm completion of project by using project checklist (table 16 in appendix) and wait for opening ceremony. Once opening ceremony done, showroom can start to operate and trading for luxury customized vehicles. Project manager and team will base on Cooper and Cooper for at least six month after showroom open for consultation. CONCLUSION This report shows the purpose of the Cooper and Cooper to have new base. Project life cycle used to determine how project should conduct. At the concept stage of project life cycle, internal and external factors should be concern. Goal and objective, costs for renovation are determined. Development stage mention team leader and their member work base on work breakdown structure. Way to identify risk and necessary step should be taken for that potential risk. Implementation stage is the actual renovation work start in showroom and related equipment purchase. Correction step taken upon shareholder and stakeholder requirement. Termination stage is confirm project had completed and preparation for opening ceremony. Project manager and team member will relocate. (2064 words) APPENDIX Chart 5: Project life cycle (source: http://www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php) Concept stage Development stage Implementation stage Terminal stage Table 8: Breakdown of production by country in the world (Source: http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/) Country Cars Commercial vehicles Total % change Argentina 380,067 132,857 512,924 -14.10% Australia 188,158 39,125 227,283 -31.00% Austria 56,620 15,714 72,334 -52.20% Belgium 524,595 12,510 537,354 -25.80% Brazil 2,576,628 605,989 3,182,617 -1.00% Canada 822,267 668,365 1,490,632 -28.40% China 10,383,831 3,407,163 13,790,994 48.30% Czech Rep. 967,760 6,809 974,569 3.00% Egypt 60,249 32,090 92,339 -23.00% Finland 10,907 64 10,971 -38.70% France 1,819,462 228,196 2,047,658 -20.30% Germany 4,964,523 245,334 5,209,857 -13.80% Hungary 180,500 2,040 182,540 -47.30% India 2,166,238 466,456 2,632,694 12.90% Indonesia 352,172 112,644 464,816 -22.60% Iran 1,359,520 35,901 1,395,421 9.50% Italy 661,100 182,139 843,239 -17.60% Japan 6,862,161 1,072,355 7,934,516 -31.50% Malaysia 447,002 42,267 489,269 -7.80% Mexico 942,876 618,176 1,561,052 -28.00% Netherlands 50,620 25,981 76,601 -42.20% Poland 819,000 65,133 884,133 -7.10% Portugal 101,680 24,335 126,015 -28.10% Romania 279,320 17,178 296,498 20.90% Russia 595,839 126,592 722,431 -59.60% Serbia 8,720 1,355 10,075 -13.40% Slovakia 461,340 461,340 -19.90% Slovenia 202,570 10,179 212,749 7.50% South Africa 222,981 150,942 373,923 -33.60% South Korea 3,158,417 354,509 3,512,926 -8.20% Spain 1,812,688 357,390 2,170,078 -14.60% Sweden 128,738 27,600 156,338 -49.30% Taiwan 183,986 42,370 226,356 23.70% Thailand 313,442 685,936 999,378 -28.30% Turkey 510,931 358,674 869,605 -24.20% Ukraine 65,646 3,649 69,295 -83.60% UK 999,460 90,679 1,090,139 -33.90% USA 2,246,470 3,462,382 5,708,852 -34.30% Uzbekistan 110,200 7,700 117,900 -43.30% Supplementary 302,450 110,109 412,559 -22.40% Total 47,952,995 13,761,694 61,714,689 -12.80% Table 9: Summary of Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulation 1992 UK lay down minimum standards for workplace and work in or near building (source: www.cipd.co.uk) Employers duties and obligation to provide health and safety working environment for their employee Publish a health and safety policy Arrange for the appointment of health and safety representatives Establish a health and safety committee if requested by a recognized trade union Appoint a competent person to evaluate risks and hazards Arrange periodic risk assessment Consult with employee health and safety representatives Present and inform employee of risks and combat risks at sources Arrange protection from unavoidable risks Provide health-risk surveillance and safety training Provide safety training Monitor and improve safety arrangements Comply with the updated provision concerning healthy and safety posters and leaflets Adopt work to the individual especially with respect to the design of workplaces Alleviate monotonous work and develop a prevention policy Appoint one or more competent persons to assist in undertaking preventative and protective measures Establish procedures to be followed in the event of serious and imminent danger to persons working in the company Require person at work who are exposed to serious and imminent danger to be informed of the nature of the hazards and steps taken to protect them Table 10: Cost breakdown for renovation and security alarm system (source: www.davislangdon.com) Cost Breakdown Total cost ( £)  £/à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡(gifa) % Substructure 114,000 85.07 6.12 Excavation and disposal off-site: 320à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡25 Ground slab, footings, column bases, filling to levels: 1,060à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡100 Frame and upper floors 113,400 84.63 6.08 Structural steelwork; UB and UC sections: 55tn @  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,600 Suspended concrete floor on permanent formwork: 280à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡80 Fire protection to steelwork: Item @  ¿Ã‚ ¡3,000 Roof 73,900 55.15 3.97 Aluminium standing seam roof cladding, including purlins, trims, cappings, insulation: 1,190à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡50 Upstands: Item @  ¿Ã‚ ¡2,000 Mansafe system: 165m @  ¿Ã‚ ¡75 Stairs 11,000 8.21 0.59 Precast concrete staircase handrails and balustrades: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡5,500 External walls, windows and doors 291,000 217.16 15.61 Structural bonded glass to frontage with silicone joints and support, including automatic bi-parting entrance doors: 310à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡500 Coated aluminium double-glazed window system: 150à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡375 Aluminium louvres to glass frontage 1,500 projection; including support and brackets: 90à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡300 Entrance door for vehicles as integral part of glazing walling, including ironmongery and trimming: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡4,500 Aluminium composite micro-rib profile wall cladding to sides and rear of showroom: 400à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡80 Steel fire escape doors: 3 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡900 Inner leaf of 140 block work: 200à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Internal walls and partitions 68,400 51.04 3.67 Metal stud partitions to showrooms including support, up to 8m high: 320à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡65 Metal stud partitions including skim finish to offices, to 3m high: 300à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Plasterboard including skim finish to external walls: 400à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20 Proprietary glazed partitions: 100à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡225 Disabled WC cubicles: 2 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡800 WC cubicles: 4 nr @  ¿Ã‚ ¡50 Wall finishes 9,800 7.31 0.53 Emulsion paint finish to walls: 1,600à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡5 Vinyl wall lining or similar: 40à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡45 Floor finishes 114,300 85.30 6.13 Reinforced screeds to showrooms; 100 thick: 800à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡25 Screeds to common areas; 75 thick: 540à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡15 Ceramic floor tiles to showroom areas, including skirtings: 800à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡85 Carpet tiling to office and circulation areas: 450à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20 Softwood skirtings: 300m @  ¿Ã‚ ¡8 Non-slip vinyl flooring to WC, including coved skirtings: 90à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡35 Entrance matting: 12à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡300 Ceiling finishes 45,200 33.73 2.43 Plasterboard suspended ceiling on concealed grid: 920à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡40 Mineral fibre suspended ceiling: 420à £Ã… ½Ã‚ ¡@  ¿Ã‚ ¡20

Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg :: World War II WWII

Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg From autumn 1943 on, Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg becomes a decisive factor in the struggle against Hitler. In 1933, he initially feels that National Socialist policy offers Germany favorable opportunities but is soon alienated by the regime's racial ideology. Yet Stauffenberg only assumes an active role in opposing the regime once he realizes the consequences of German policy in eastern Europe and can estimate the full extent of the damage that Hitler's war has brought upon Germany and Europe. Under the influence of Henning von Tresckow, General Friedrich Olbricht, and First Lieutenant Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg of the army reserve, Stauffenberg becomes a focal point of the military conspiracy. He establishes important links to civilian resistance groups and coordinates his assassination plans with Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ludwig Beck, and with the conspirators waiting in readiness in Paris, Vienna, Berlin, and at Army Group Center. Stauffenberg's Way to the Assassination Attempt of July 20, 1944 In early April 1943, Stauffenberg is severely wounded in Tunisia, barely escaping death. During the months of his convalescence, he gradually comes to realize he must take an active part in resistance. Even in earlier years, the church's struggle, the persecution of the Jews, and the crimes in eastern Europe have alienated Stauffenberg from the National Socialist state. His closest confidant is his brother Berthold, who has had contacts to the opposition for a long time. After an extended period of convalescence, Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg is appointed to the post of chief of staff of the General Army Office in October 1943. From June 1944 on, he also serves as chief of staff for the commanding officer of the Ersatzheer (Reserve Army), General Friedrich Olbricht, at Olbricht's request. In this position he has clearance to attend briefings at Hitler's headquarters in the so-called "Wolf's Lair" near Rastenburg in East Prussia. Olbricht informs Stauffenberg of his plans for a coup and introduces him to members of the resistance groups around Ludwig Beck and Carl Friedrich Goerdeler. Stauffenberg has a great deal of charisma and is valued for his professional expertise. He brings many opponents of the regime together and makes close friends among them not only military officers but also Social Democrats like Julius Leber, members of the Kreisau Circle like Adam von Trott zu Solz, and representatives of the labor union movement like Jakob Kaiser and Wilhelm Leuschner. The Planning of Operation "Valkyrie" The conspirators from the civilian and military resistance groups realize that the military leadership cannot be induced to act in concert. They concentrate their efforts on eliminating Hitler, gaining control of the military chain of command, and assuming the